Motivation for drug-taking in case of most common substance abuse is usually psychological, but outside of this psychological need to re-experience the initial high, there is also a strong incentive in avoiding withdrawal symptoms. The latter range from merely unpleasant, as in caffeine withdrawal headache, to excruciating pain suffered during the agony of heroin withdrawal.

The Role of Dopamine

Transmitter dopamine is implicated in drug addiction for a wide variety of drugs: they work by causing dopamine release in specific brain areas, namely the nucleus accumbens and the dopaminergic pathway from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, both of which are generally associated with commonly pleasurable and potentially addictive behavior. A single dose of cocaine can cause rapid and long-lasting changes in this circuitry.

Such changes also potentiate memory processes that later contribute to drug cravings. Research suggests that these can later be triggered simply by visiting places the person has come to associate with drug abuse (particularly their own) and implicates the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, most notably in the central nucleus of the amygdale, along with the presence of peptide orexin found in latheral hypothalamus as mediators of such drug-associated environmental cue cravings.

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